Of these, microRNAs (miRNAs) are increasingly being recognized as vital players in gene regulation and neurological disease ( Weinberg and Wood, 2009).
#Chromosomes condense code#
Over the past decade, the discovery of several classes of functional non-protein-coding RNAs has added additional complexity to our understanding of how the genetic code is manifest at the level of cellular function. In other cases, such as repeat-associated non-ATG (RAN) translation, specific mutations causing disruption of this fundamental process can be an important mechanism underlying neurological disease ( Zu et al., 2018 see Repeat Expansion Disorders). Regulation of this process is highly coordinated and important in learning, for example, where activity-dependent translation at the synapse underlies some aspects of synaptic plasticity, which may go awry in certain disorders such as fragile X syndrome and autism ( Morrow et al., 2008). This protein, which may undergo further modification, will ultimately carry out a programmed biological function in the cell. These amino acids are joined by the ribosome to synthesize a protein. The start codon is ATG and codes for methionine. With the four distinct bases, there are mathematically 64 possible codons, but these have an element of redundancy and code for only 20 different amino acids and 3 termination signals (UAG, UGA, and UAA), also called stop codons. Sequence information is read in three-nucleotide groups called codons, each of which specifies an individual amino acid. The ribosome initiates translation at a pre-encoded start site and converts the mRNA sequence into protein until a designated termination site is reached.
This takes place via interaction with a complex known as the ribosome, which binds the mRNA and converts its genetic information into protein via the process of translation. So, following its transcription from DNA in the nucleus, mRNA is transported out of the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and possibly to a specific subcellular location depending on the mRNA, where it can be deciphered by the cell.
The central dogma of genetics has been that DNA is transcribed into RNA that is then translated into protein-the “business” end of the process. Joseph Jankovic MD, in Bradley and Daroff's Neurology in Clinical Practice, 2022 DNA to RNA to Protein
0 kommentar(er)
